Chapter 3: History

What part did the immigrants play in Singapore's development?

Contributions of immigrants
→Built settlements
  -Europeans planned, improved and developed towns; they also designed buildings such as the Armenian Church and the Raffles Hotel.
  -Asian Chinese coolies and (Asian) Indian labour convicts cleared jungle lands and built roads.

>1 person                                  Asian → provided power/labour
       ↑                                            ↑
   family                           2 groups of settlers → Europeans → provided ideas
       ↑
 Settle(live) → house → home

→Promoted trade
→Worked for the government(British)
→Served the community*
*- Community = >1 family

Chapter 2: History

Dutch Monopoly

Why British choose Singapore as a Trading Settlement?
→It has a good geographical location as it is situated between India and China.
→It has a good harbour with safe and deep waters.
→Availability of natural resources, like fresh water.
→Singapore had no Dutch flag, thus it was not Dutch-controlled.

What problems did the British face in establishing a settlement in Singapore?
→Ruler under Dutch control
  -The curent Sultan Abdul Rahman was under Dutch control.
  -Only he could allow Raffles to set up a trading port in Singapore, but the Dutch would object.
  -However, the rightful Sultan should be Hussein, not Abdul Rahman.
→Solution:
  -Recognised Hussein as the rightful Sultan of Johor.
  -Signed a treaty(political contract/agreement).
     ~Signing Ceremony(6 February 1819)
     ~Signing of treaty between Raffles, Hussein and Temenggong.
     ~British set up the trading settlement in southern Singapore.
     ~The sultan was paid $5000 annually, and the Temenggong was paid $3000 annually.
  -Set up a trading settlement.

→Dutch protest
  -Dutch claimed that Singapore indirectly belonged to them as the Sultan was under Dutch control.
  -E.I.C.* directors and the British government were angry with Raffles for stirring up trouble with the Dutch.
  -Raffles fought hard to keep Singapore.
→Solution
  - British wanted to used Holland as a buffer state(a territory situated between two or more countries which reduces the likelihood of war) against other European powers.
  -Holland was financially weak after the Napoleonic Wars.
  -Both signed the Anglo(British)-Dutch Treaty in 1824 - The British Sphere of Influence and the Dutch Sphere of Influence.
  -British now has 3 ports - Singapore, Melaka(Malacca) and Penang.

*E.I.C. - East India Company(British), which is the company Raffles belonged to.

Chapter 1: History

Was There Singapore Before 1819?

→Malay Account: Sejarah Melayu(Malay Annals)
  -A famous Malay literary work, which is believed to be written around the 16th century. It contains records of early Singapore often in the form of anecdotes - short, entertaining accounts/stories.

→Chinese Account: Dao Yi Zhi Lue(Description of the Barbarians of the Isles) by Wang Dayuan
  -It was written in the 14th century. It is the travelling accounts of a well-known merchant named Wang Dayuan.

→Archaeological evidence
  -Artefacts found underground which explains of the previous owner.


Definition of Archaeology: Archaeology is the scientific study of past cultures and the way people lived based on the things they left behind.


Sources


→Archaeology
  -artefacts
  -treasure

→Textual
  -books
  -letters(personal/private)
  -emails
  -text(SMS)
  -newspapers
  -diaries


→Pictorial
  -maps
  -photographs
  -paintings
  -books
  -cartoons
  -posters

→Oral(mouth)
  -lyrics(songs)
  -speech
  -records
  -(recorded) conversation

3 steps for evidence
1. Describe the artefact.
2. Guess the artefact.
3. Guess what it is used for(function).

Elements of Art: Art & Design

Elements of Art

Source: Elements

There are 7 elements of art:
→Line
→Shape                           
→Texture                       
→Space
→Form
→Colour
→Value(Light to dark)

Line+Shape+Texture+Space+Form+Colour+Value+Principles of Design
                                                      =  
                                               Artwork
                       Enables us to interpret,analyze and describe.

Line
→Is the most basic element of design.
→Is a mark made by a moving point that moves through space.
→Expression
  -Has impact according to its direction and weight.
→Lines can be implied(not really there but to guide the eye or to organise the composition).
→Everything is made up of lines.

→The quality of a line
  -Thick or thin
  -Weighty or straight
  -Hard-edged or soft
Can indicate/contribute to the mood of the work.

Types of lines
→Horizontal
→Vertical
→Diagonal
→Curves
→Thick
→Thin
→Zigzag
→Broken

Horizontal & vertical lines
→Horizontal & vertical lines used in combination can communicate stability and solidity. Rectilinear(formed by straight lines) forms with 90-degree angles are structurally stable. This stability suggests permanence and reliability.
→Horizontal lines give suggests a feeling of ease.
→Vertical lines can communicate a sense of height.

Diagonal lines
→Diagonal lines convey a feeling of movement. Objects in a diagonal position are unstable. Because they are neither vertical nor horizontal, they are either about to fall or are already in motion.

Curves
→Sharply curved or twisted lines can convey turmoil, chaos and even violence.
→Soft, shallow curves often have a graceful, pleasing quality and a showering effect on the composition.

Thick and thin
→Thick lines suggest aggresion, anger or strength.
→Thin lines appear delicate and fragile.

Zigzag and broken lines

Shape
→Is formed when the ends of a continuous line meet.
→2-dimensional
→Is flat.
→Has measurable length and width
→Open or closed

Geometric
→Squares, triangles, cones, circles
→Angular
→Man-made

Organic
→Associated with things from the natural world(plants and animals).
→Freeform

-to be continued-

Diffusion and Osmosis: Biology

Diffusion

→Diffusion is the net movement of particles of a substance from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient.
→The difference in concenrtrations of the substance between two regions is known as concentration gradient or diffusion gradient.
→Diffusion applies to all molecules, with the exception of H2O molecules.
→Diffusion can occur with or without a membrane. 
→Diffusion does not require energy.
→Diffusion will never stop, as substances will always be in constant motion.
→However, diffusion will finally result in an equal distance of substances, with the substances evenly spread out.

Partially-Permeable Membrane

→A partially-permeable membrane only allows some substances to pass through but not others.
→This restricts the movement of flow of molecules.

Examples of partially-permeable membranes:
→Visking tubing
→Cell membrane
→Cellophane bag

Note:Cell wall is a permeable membrane, not a partially-permeable membrane.

Osmosis
→Osmosis is the net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
→Osmosis only occurs in H2O molecules.
→Osmosis requires a partially-permeable membrane.
→Osmosis does not require energy.

Water potential: measure of the tendency of water to move from area to another.

→Dilute solutions have more water(solvent) than dissolved substances(solutes) compared to another solution.
Example: 5% sugar solution:
               5% sugar molecules;
               95% water molecules

→Concentrated solutions have less water(solvent) than dissolved substances(solutes) compared to another solution.
Example: 10% sugar soluation:
               10% sugar molecules;
               90% water molecules


Active Transport*
→Active transport is the net movement of a substance against the concentration gradient(from low to high concentration).
→Active transport requires energy.

*more information required

Higher water potential                                                           Lower water potential

    Pure water-------------->Dilute sugar solution-------------->Concentrated sugar solution
    Pure water-------------->Dilute salt solution------------------>Concentrated salt solution

Lower concentration                                                           Higher concentrtion

    Pure water<--------------Dilute sugar solution<--------------Concentrated sugar solution
    Pure water<--------------Dilute salt solution<------------------Concentrated salt solution

Maths Formulas

Measure of Central Tendency
→Mean
  -The mean of a data set is the sum of all the data values divided by the total number of data.
  -The formula is:
             Total data value    
x   =   Total number of data

→Median
  -The median of a data set is the middle value when the data are arrange in order from the smallest to the largest.
  -The formula is:
                              TotalFrequency+1
Middle position =                2

→Mode
  -The mode is a data set is the value that occurs most often.

Changing of state: Chemistry

Changing of state

Solid    ---Melting-->    Liquid     --Boiling/Evaporation-->     Gas
Solid    <--Freezing--    Liquid     <------Condensation------    Gas 
Solid    <-----------------Sublimation---------------------------------    Gas

Below melting point ----> Solid
Above melting point ---> Liquid
Below boiling point ----> Liquid
Above boiling point ----> Gas

--------Solid------->Melting Point<----------Liquid--------->Boiling Point<---------Gas---------

Matter
→Matter is anything that occupies space and mass.
→The Kinetic Partical Theory(KPT) states that all matter is made up of tiny particles and are always in constant,random motion.
→Matter can exist in three forms:
  -Solid
     ~Solid particles are arranged closely together in a fixed position.
     ~Solid particles can only vibrate gently about their fixed positions.
  -Liquid
     ~Liquid particles are closely packed together, although not as close as solid particles.

     ~Liquid particles can move a short distance, as they can slide past one another.

  -Gas

     ~Gas particles are far apart from each other.

     ~Gas particles can move about randomly.

→Matter's change in state is reversible.

I - Melting

→Melting is a process in which a solid changes into a liquid.

→Heat is absorbed during melting.

Q: What is melting point?

A: Melting point is the fixed temperature at which a substance melts.

→Different substances have different melting points.

Example:

Substance              Oxygen       Ice       Iron

Melting Point/°C    -219°C       0°C    1535°C

Interpretation of the graph

→On heating a solid, the particles absorb heat energy.

→Heat energy is converted into kinetic energy.

→The kinetic energy of particles increases and the particles vibrates faster and faster.

→At melting point,the particles have gained enough energy to overcome the attractive forces between the particles.

→Particles are able to move away from the fixed position and form a liquid.

→At the melting point, temperature remains constand because heat energy is being used to overcome the attractive forces between particles and seperate the particles(changing the solid to liquid).

II - Boiling

→Boiling is a process in which a liquid changes into a gas.

→This change in state occurs inside the liquid.

→Heat is absorbed during boiling.

Q:What is boiling point?

A:Boiling point is the fixed tempertature at which a substance boils.

→Different substances have different boiling points

Example:

Substance              Oxygen      Water       Iron

Boiling Point/°C    -183°C       100°C     3000°C

Interpretation of the graph

→On further heating, the kinetic energy of the particles increases further.

→The particles move faster and faster.

→At boiling point, particles have gained enough energy to completely overcome the attractive forces between particles and break free from one another.

→The particles escape the liquid and form a gas.

→At the boiling point, temperature remains constant because heat energy is needed to overcome the attractive forces between particles and seperate the particles(from liquid to gas)

III - Evaporation

→Evaporation is a process in which a liquid changes into gas.

→This change in state takes place at the surface of the liquid.

→Evaporation takes place at all temepratures below the boiling point of the liquid(when the substance is still in the liquid state)

Q:Can evaporation take place at the temperature below the melting point?

A:No.Below the melting point, the substance is a solid, hence it cannot evaporate as evaporation is a process where liquid changes to gas.(Solid to gas --> Sublimation)

→Liquids which evaporate quickly at low temperatures are called volatile liquids.

Example: Ethanol(alcohol),Perfumes

Note: Boiling and evaporation are not the same

Differences between boiling and evaporation:

                Boiling                                                  Evaporation

~Occurs only at boiling point                ~Occurs at temperatures below boiling point

~Takes place throughout the liquid       ~Takes place at the surface of the liquid

~Very fast process                              ~Very slow process

IV - Sublimation

→Sublimation is a process in which a solid changes into a gas without passing through the liquid phase.

→Heat is absorbed during sublimation.

Q: Does sublimation take place at a fixed temperature?

A: Yes. Examples: Dry ice(Solid CO²), iodine, ammonium chloride, mothballs

V - Condensation

→Condensation is a process in which a gas changes into liquid.

→This change in state occurs when a gas is cooled to its boiling point.

→Heat is evolved(released) during condensation.

→Condenstaion takes place at a fixed temperature numerically equal to its boiling point.